| Target name | Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing the number of research and development workers per 1 million people and public and private research and development spending |
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| Indicator name | Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of gross domestic product (GDP) |
| Global / Proxy indicator | Global indicator |
| Description of indicator |
This indicator is calculated by the amount of research and development expenditure divided by the total output of the economy, gross domestic product (GDP). Research and experimental development comprise creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the
use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications. Gross domestic research and development expenditure is derived from the sum of four sectors. These are; Financial and Non-Financial Corporations, General Government, Higher Education and Private Non-Profit Organizations. For the financial source of gross domestic research and development expenditure, ""Rest of the World"" are also taken into account in addition to the other four sectors. |
| Unit | % |
| Available disaggregation | Sector, Source of finance |
| Calculation | R&D expenditure as a proportion of GDP = (Total R&D expenditure / GDP ) * 100 |
| Comparability |
Produced in full compliance with global metadata. General government data includes Non-Profit Institutions Serving Households (NPISH) data for 2016 and beyond. |
| Revision | Depending on the revision in the GDP data, this indicator data is also revised. |
| Other information | Distribution of R&D expenditure by sectors and source of funds are presented as % within the group. |
| Data source | TurkStat, Research and Development Activities Survey, GDP Statistics |
| Data source link |
https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=bilgi-teknolojileri-ve-bilgi-toplumu-102&dil=2 https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulusal-hesaplar-113&dil=2 |
Research and Development Activities Survey
| Sample coverage |
Full census is applied. Sectors covered: a) Financial and Non-Financial Institutions (All initiatives that are or are estimated to be engaged in R&D are covered, data are compiled directly on the web) b) General Government (All central government institutions and metropolitan municipalities are covered, data are compiled directly on the web) c) Non-Profit Organizations (Purposeful selection among Associations and Foundations, data are compiled directly on the web, the results are published by combining with the General Government) d) Higher Education (All state and foundation universities are included. Some of the data - foundation universities R&D expenditures, projects and fees, technicians and other support personnel information - are directly compiled on the web, the results of the ""Higher Education Section Time Use Survey"" conducted in 2015, FTE calculations. YÖK Academic database, central government budget, investment budget, revolving fund data, annual reports of universities, TÜBİTAK project information are used as administrative records, as well as estimation coefficients for other current expenditures and investment expenditures. |
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| Sample size |
General Government: 1164 Financial and Non-Financial Companies: 21 846 Higher Education Section: Number of units from research and administrative registry: 205 Number of units from administrative registry: 143 609 |
| Interview method | Online (web) questionnaire, Excel questionnaire and Administrative registers data are used. |
| Reference period for application of survey | December of the previous year (01-31 December) |
| Field survey time and duration | Field application is being implemented in the May-July period of the related year. |